Estrategia metodológica inclusiva para la enseñanza-aprendizaje del fútbol, en estudiantes con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad, en la clase de Cultura Física

Es bien sabido que la forma más común de reducir los efectos del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad ha sido históricamente a través de productos farmacológicos. Sin embargo, es irrefutable que la influencia del ejercicio físico ha evitado indeseables efectos secundarios y ha logrado cambios favorables significativos en los pacientes. Esta actividad física fue implementada básicamente de forma preventiva, principalmente bajo condiciones médicas, crónicas y discapacidades, también para contribuir a la esfera cognitiva y comportamental. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en proponer un grupo de recomendaciones metodológicas en la clase de Educación Física para mejorar las condiciones de vida de niños con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en la Unidad Educativa Fiscomisional Sagrado Corazón de Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Los métodos empíricos que se utilizaron fueron la observación científica, la encuesta aplicada a estudiantes y la entrevista dirigida a profesores; también se emplea, una vez implementadas estas recomendaciones, una encuesta a ambos componentes del proceso para obtener una valoración preliminar sobre el efecto de esta propuesta, debido a que resultó ser una ayuda metodológica de alto valor para preparar los profesores y estudiantes en sus influencias como orientador en el caso del profesor y como colectivo social académico en el caso del grupo de estudiantes.

É bem sabido que a forma mais comum de reduzir os efeitos do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade tem sido historicamente por meio de produtos farmacológicos. Contudo, é irrefutável que a influência do exercício físico evitou efeitos colaterais indesejáveis e alcançou mudanças favoráveis significativas nos pacientes. Essa atividade física foi implementada basicamente de forma preventiva, principalmente em condições médicas, crônicas e deficiências, também para contribuir na esfera cognitiva e comportamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um conjunto de recomendações metodológicas nas aulas de Educação Física para melhorar as condições de vida de crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade na Unidade Educacional Fiscomisional Sagrado Corazón de Esmeraldas, Equador. Os métodos empíricos utilizados foram a observação científica, o inquérito aplicado aos alunos e a entrevista dirigida aos professores; Uma vez implementadas estas recomendações, recorre-se também a um levantamento de ambas as componentes do processo para obter uma avaliação preliminar do efeito desta proposta, porque se revelou uma ajuda metodológica de elevado valor para preparar professores e alunos nas suas influências. como conselheiro no caso do professor e como coletivo social acadêmico no caso do grupo de alunos.

It is well known that the most common way to reduce the effects of Inclusive methodological strategy for teaching - learning football in students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the physical culture class (ADHD) has historically been through pharmacological products. However, it is irrefutable that the influence of physical exercise has avoided undesirable side effects and has achieved significant favorable changes in patients. This physical activity was basically implemented preventively, mainly under medical, chronic conditions and disabilities, also to contribute to the cognitive and behavioral sphere. The objective of this work consisted of proposing a group of methodological recommendations in the Physical Education class to improve the living conditions of children with ADHD in the Sagrado Corazón Fiscomisional Educational Unit of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. The empirical methods used were scientific observation, the survey applied to students and the interview directed to teachers. Once these recommendations were implemented, a survey of both components of the process was also used to obtain a preliminary assessment of the effect of this proposal, because it turned out to be a methodological aid of high value to prepare teachers and students in their influences as a counselor in the case of the teacher and as an academic social collective in the case of the group of students.

Self-reported attention and hyperactivity symptoms among adults with epilepsy / Sintomas de desatenção e hiperatividade autorrelatados entre adultos com epilepsia

Abstract Background Patients with epilepsy (PWE) frequently have comorbid psychiatric disorders, the most common of which are depression and anxiety. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) is also more frequent among PWE, though that condition has been scarcely studied among the adult PWE population. Objective This study aimed to compare the presence of ADHD symptoms between adult PWE and the general population. Methods This was an observational case-control study. Ninety-five adult PWE from a tertiary center in southern Brazil were compared with 100 healthy controls. All subjects were submitted to three structured scales: 1) the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale version 1.1 (ASRS); 2) the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); and 3) the Adverse Events Profile (AEP). Dichotomic variables were analyzed through chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, as appropriate, and non-parametric variables were analyzed through the Mann-Whitney U test. Results Medians and interquartile ranges (IR) were: 1) ASRS: 26.00 (IR: 18 to 38) among PWE versus 17.00 (IR: 11 to 24) among controls, p< 0.001; 2) HADS: 14.00 (IR: 8 to 21) among PWE versus 11.00 (IR: 8 to 16) among controls, p= 0.007; 3) AEP: 3800 (IR: 31 to 49) among PWE versus 33.00 (IR: 23 to 43) among controls, p= 0.001. Conclusion PWE showed a higher burden of symptoms of ADHD, depression, and anxiety when compared with controls, which replicates in the Brazilian population the findings of current literature that point toward a higher prevalence of such disorders among PWE.

Resumo Antecedentes Pacientes com epilepsia (PCE) frequentemente apresentam comorbidades psiquiátricas, principalmente depressão e ansiedade. O transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) também é mais frequente nos PCE, porém foi pouco estudado na população adulta de PCE. Objetivo Comparar a presença de sintomas de TDAH entre PCE adultos e a população geral. Métodos Noventa e cinco PCE adultos de um centro terciário no Sul do Brasil foram comparados a 100 controles saudáveis. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a três escalas estruturadas: 1) a Escala Autorrelatada de TDAH em Adultos da Organização Mundial da Saúde, versão 1.1 (ASRS); 2) a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS); e 3) o Perfil de Eventos Adversos (AEP). Variáveis dicotômicas foram analisadas através dos testes chi-quadrado e exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado, e as variáveis não paramétricas foram analisadas através do teste U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados As medianas e os intervalos interquartis (IIQ) foram: 1) ASRS: 26.00 (IIQ: 18 a 38) em PCE versus 17.00 (IIQ: 11 a 24) nos controles, p< 0,001; 2) HADS: 14.00 (IIQ: 8 a 21) em PCE versus 11.00 (IIQ: 8 a 16) nos controles, p= 0,007; 3) AEP: 38.00 (IIQ: 31 a 49) em PCE versus 33.00 (IIQ: 23 a 43) nos controles, p= 0,001. Conclusão PCE apresentaram uma maior carga de sintomas de TDAH, depressão e ansiedade quando comparados aos controles, o que replica na população brasileira os achados da literatura atual, que apontam para uma maior prevalência de tais transtornos entre PCE.

Relação entre videogames de ação, mindfulness e medo da COVID-19 em universitários / Relationship between action video games, mindfulness and fear of COVID-19 in university students / Relación entre videojuegos de acción, mindfulness y miedo al COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios

A interação com videogame aumentou significativamente na pandemia de COVID-19. Por outro lado, um aspecto atencional que pode apresentar alterações relacionadas à quantidade de interação com videogames de ação é o mindfulness. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar uma possível relação entre o uso de videogames de ação (em horas semanais), o mindfulness e o medo da COVID-19. Para tanto, solicitou-se a jogadores e não jogadores de videogames de ação com idades entre 18 e 29 anos (n = 384, M = 21,6, DP = 2,6) que respondessem à Escala de Medo da COVID-19 e à Escala de Facetas do Mindfulness. Os resultados não demonstraram relação significativa entre uso de videogames de ação e mindfulness, mas apontaram que jogadores de videogame de ação apresentaram menos medo da COVID-19. Discute-se como o escapismo proporcionado pelo jogo pode explicar, em parte, uma diminuição da atenção a informações relativas à doença

Interaction with video games increased significantly in the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, an attentional aspect that may show changes related to the amount of interaction with action video games is mindfulness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify a possible relationship between the use of action video games (in weekly hours), mindfulness and fear of COVID-19. To this end, players and non-players of action video games aged between 18 and 29 years (n = 384, M = 21.6, SD = 2.6) were asked to respond to the Covid Fear Scale and the Facets of Mindfulness. Results did not demonstrate a significant relationship between the use of action video games and mindfulness, but showed that action video game players were less afraid of COVID-19. It is discussed how the escapism provided by the game can partly explain a decrease in attention to information related to the disease

La interacción con videojuegos aumentó en la pandemia de COVID-19. Por otro lado, un aspecto atencional que puede presentar cambios relacionados con la cantidad de interacción con los videojuegos de acción es el mindfulness. Luego, el objetivo de este estudio fue verificar una relación entre uso de video-juegos de acción, mindfulness y miedo al COVID-19. Se pidió a jugadores y no jugadores de videojuegos de acción de entre 18 y 29 años (n = 384, M = 21,6, SD = 2,6) que respondieran a la Escala de Miedo al COVID y la Escala de Facetas de Mindfulness. Los resultados no demostraron una relación significativa entre uso de videojuegos de acción y mindfulness, pero señalaron que jugadores de videojuegos de acción tenían menos miedo a la COVID-19. Se discute cómo el escapismo proporcionado por el juego explicaría en parte una disminución en la atención a la información relacionada con la enfermedad

A tomada de decisão no tratamento de crianças com indicadores de TDAH / Toma de decisiones en el tratamiento de niños con indicadores de TDAH / Decision making in the treatment of children with ADHD indicators

RESUMO O diagnóstico de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade - TDAH é bastante complexo, podendo ser influenciado por fatores contextuais, e seu tratamento pode envolver diferentes intervenções. A participação dos usuários nas decisões a respeito do tratamento vem sendo promovida por instituições de diversos países e, no Brasil, é prevista pelas legislações do Sistema Único de Saúde. Este estudo investigou o processo de tomada de decisão no tratamento de crianças com indicadores de TDAH a partir da percepção de oito profissionais de serviços públicos de saúde mental, que foram entrevistados individualmente. Os dados foram examinados através da análise temática, revelando desafios relativos ao excesso de demanda nos serviços e à complexidade do processo diagnóstico. O envolvimento de usuários e familiares nas decisões foi percebido como parcial, ocorrendo geralmente após a elaboração do plano terapêutico pelas equipes, e envolvendo dificuldades na comunicação entre profissionais e pacientes e divergências de interesses entre as crianças e seus familiares. Esses aspectos poderão ser abordados em futuros estudos e intervenções a fim de facilitar e melhorar a qualidade da tomada de decisão nesse contexto.

RESUMEN El diagnóstico del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad - TDAH es bastante complejo y puede verse influenciado por factores contextuales, y su tratamiento puede implicar diferentes intervenciones. La participación de los usuarios en las decisiones sobre tratamiento ha sido promovida por instituciones de diferentes países y, en Brasil, está prevista por las leyes del Sistema Único de Salud. Este estudio investigó el proceso de toma de decisiones en el tratamiento de niños con indicadores TDAH desde la percepción de 8 profesionales de la salud mental pública, que fueron entrevistados individualmente. Los datos fueron examinados a través del análisis temático, revelando desafíos relacionados con el exceso de demanda en los servicios y la complejidad del proceso de diagnóstico. La implicación de los usuarios y familiares en las decisiones se percibió como parcial, ocurriendo generalmente después de la elaboración del plan terapéutico por los equipos, y implicando dificultades en la comunicación entre profesionales y pacientes y divergencias de intereses entre los niños y sus familias. Estos aspectos pueden abordarse en futuros estudios e intervenciones con el fin de facilitar y mejorar la calidad de la toma de decisiones en este contexto.

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD is quite complex. Contextual factors may influence it, and its treatment may involve different interventions. Institutions in several countries have promoted the participation of users in treatment decisions. In Brazil, it is provided by the Unified Health System. This study investigated the decision-making process in treating children with ADHD indicators from the perception of 8 public mental health services professionals interviewed individually. Data were examined through thematic analysis, revealing challenges related to excessive demand for services and the complexity of the diagnostic process. The involvement of users and family members in the decisions was perceived as partial, generally occurring after elaborating the therapeutic plan by the teams, and involving difficulties in communication between professionals and patients and differences of interests between children and their families. These aspects may be addressed in future studies and interventions to facilitate and improve the quality of the decision-making process in this context.

Executive and attentional functions in patients with migraine / Funções executivas e atencionais em pacientes com enxaqueca

INTRODUCTION: Migraine is a disease that affects the overall performance of the patient, especially attention and executive functions (EF), with a direct impact on the person's functionality, highlighting the importance of studies in order to minimize its damage. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate if there is a link between migraine and executive and attentional functions. METHODOLOGY: Observational study (44 subjects; 29 migraineurs and 15 non-migraineurs) on attentional and executive functioning changes in migraine. Subjects over 18 years of age were included in the study, regardless of gender, recruited for convenience at CAM FAME, FAME and Centro AMA, primary recruitment centers, following the criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). The participants underwent neuropsychological tests that estimated executive and attentional functioning. For attention, the Psychological Attention the Assessment Battery (AAB) was used, and for EF, the Five-Digit Test (FDT) was used. Student's t test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and/or Kruskal-Wallis U test were used, whose analyzes fixed the type I error at 0.05. RESULTS: All AAB subtests pointed to a reduction in the attentional potential in migraineurs when compared to the control group. The FDT showed lowering in the migraineurs group subjects, when compared with the non- migraineurs group. Multivariate analysis identified a relationship between EF, Attention and migraine (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: migraineurs present a decrease in executive functioning and attentional skills and an increase in execution time when compared to non-migraineurs individuals

INTRODUÇÃO: A enxaqueca é uma doença que afeta o desempenho global do paciente, principalmente a atenção e as funções executivas (FE), com impacto direto na funcionalidade da pessoa, destacando a importância de estudos a fim de minimizar seus danos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se existe ligação entre enxaqueca e funções executivas e atencionais. METODOLOGIA: Estudo observacional (44 indivíduos; 29 com enxaqueca e 15 sem enxaqueca) sobre alterações de atenção e funcionamento executivo na enxaqueca. Foram incluídos no estudo indivíduos maiores de 18 anos, independente do sexo, recrutados por conveniência no CAM FAME, FAME e Centro AMA, centros primários de recrutamento, seguindo os critérios da Classificação Internacional de Cefaleias (ICHD-3). Os participantes foram submetidos a testes neuropsicológicos que estimaram o funcionamento executivo e atencional. Para atenção foi utilizada a Bateria de Avaliação da Atenção Psicológica (AAB) e para FE foi utilizado o Teste de Cinco Dígitos (FDT). Foram utilizados teste t de Student, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney e/ou teste U de Kruskal-Wallis, cujas análises fixaram o erro tipo I em 0,05. RESULTADOS: Todos os subtestes da AAB apontaram redução do potencial atencional em enxaquecosos quando comparados ao grupo controle. O FDT apresentou redução nos indivíduos do grupo com enxaqueca, quando comparado com o grupo sem enxaqueca. A análise multivariada identificou relação entre FE, Atenção e enxaqueca (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: enxaquecosos apresentam diminuição do funcionamento executivo e das habilidades de atenção e aumento no tempo de execução quando comparados a indivíduos não enxaquecosos

Evaluation of ocular surface in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to methylphenidate treatment / Avaliação da superfície ocular em crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade em relação ao tratamento com metilfenidato

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to screen the ocular surface of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and identify the adverse effects of methylphenidate related to dry eye disease. Methods: This cross-sectional study included children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and healthy children (all aged 5-18 years). They were randomized into Group A (without methylphenidate treatment), Group B (with methylphenidate treatment), and Group C (healthy children). Tear film break-up time, Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear meniscus height, tear meniscus area, and Schirmer test results were evaluated. Furthermore, symptom severity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was assessed by Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale and Conners Parent Rating Scale-48. Results: Groups A, B, and C consisted of 34, 40, and 60 individuals (n=34, 40, and 60 eyes; age=11.44 ± 2.79, 11.70 ± 2.83, and 11.96 ± 3.63 years, median age=12, 12, and 11.5 years), respectively. Tear film break-up time, Ocular Surface Disease Index, tear meniscus height, tear meniscus area, and Schirmer test results were not significantly different between Groups A and C (p=0.964, 0.336, 0.445, 0.439, and 0.759, respectively). However, Group B showed a significant decrease in tear film break-up time (10.50 ± 3.39 vs. 12.52 ± 2.46 s; p=0.005), tear meniscus height (307.40 ± 5.53 vs. 310.82 ± 7.30 µm; p=0.025), tear meniscus area (0.024 ± 0.0037 vs. 0.026 ± 0.0046 mm2; p=0.010) and Schirmer test (12.75 ± 3.96 vs. 15.41 ± 3.75 mm; p=0.004) results compared with Group A. Conclusion: Compared with healthy children, children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder showed ocular surface parameters suggestive of dry eye disease despite taking methylphenidate. Thus, they require close ophthalmologic follow-up to prevent sight-threatening dry eye complications.

RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a superfície ocular de crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade e identificar os efeitos adversos do metilfenidato relacionados à síndrome do olho seco. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade e crianças saudáveis (todas entre 5-18 anos de idade). Elas foram randomizadas no Grupo A (sem tratamento com metilfenidato), Grupo B (com tratamento com metilfenidato) e Grupo C (crianças saudáveis). Foram avaliados o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, questionário sobre Índice de Doenças de Superfície Ocular (IDSO), altura do menisco lacrimal, área do menisco lacrimal e os resultados do teste de Schirmer. Além disso, a gravidade dos sintomas no transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade foi avaliada usando a Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale com base na escala de Conners Parent Rating Scale-48. Resultados: Os Grupos A, B e C consistiram de 34, 40 e 60 indivíduos (n=34, 40 e 60 olhos; idade=11,44 ± 2,79, 11,70 ± 2,83 e 11,96 ± 3,63 anos, idade média=12, 123 e 11,5 anos), respectivamente. O tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, o Índice de Doença da Superfície Ocular, as altura do menisco lacrimal, a área do menisco lacrimal e o teste de Schirmer não foram significativamente diferentes entre os Grupo A e C (p=0,964, 0,336, 0,445, 0,439 e 0,759, respectivamente). Entretanto, o Grupo B mostrou uma redução significativa no tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (10,50 ± 3,39 vs 12,52 ± 2,46 seg; p=0,005), altura do menisco lacrimal (307,40 ± 5,53 vs 310,82 ± 7,30 µm; p= 0,025), área do menisco lacrimal (0,024 ± 0,0037 vs 0,026 ± 0,0046 mm2; p=0,010) e teste de Schirmer (12,75 ± 3,96 vs 15,41 ± 3,75 mm; p=0,004), resultados com0arados com o Grupo A. Conclusão: Em comparação com crianças saudáveis, crianças com transtorno de déficit de atenção com hiperatividade apresentaram parâmetros de superfície ocular sugestivos de olho seco, apesar do uso de metilfenidato. Assim, elas requerem um acompanhamento oftalmológico próximo para evitar complicações oculares de olho seco que ameaçam a visão.

Catadoras de materiais recicláveis: estratégias de resistência e medicamentos durante a pandemia de covid-19 / Women collectors of recyclables: resistance strategies and medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo A catação de materiais recicláveis é uma ocupação com crescente número de trabalhadores, que encontram nela sustento diante das desigualdades socioeconômicas e do desemprego. Este artigo descreve as estratégias de resistência de mulheres catadoras que fazem parte de uma associação no Nordeste brasileiro, além da forma como elas lidaram com problemas de saúde durante a pandemia de covid-19, especialmente no que se refere aos medicamentos. Utilizamos uma abordagem quantitativa e uma etnográfica, coletando dados sociodemográficos de 13 participantes e dos medicamentos presentes em suas casas, e também realizando observação participante e entrevistas aprofundadas. Em meio à crise sanitária, foram mencionados problemas como o desemprego, as relações de gênero, a violência e os estigmas do trabalho. Se por um lado a pandemia vulnerabilizou ainda mais alguns segmentos populacionais, por outro potencializou estratégias coletivas de enfrentamento. As catadoras e a associação se organizaram para obter insumos e melhorias tanto na sede quanto no bairro. Identificamos 58 unidades de medicamentos, prescritos e obtidos principalmente na Unidade Básica de Saúde. Desses, 27,6% tinham ação sobre o sistema nervoso (analgésicos, psicolépticos e psicoanalépticos) e 17,2% sobre o sistema cardiovascular e sobre o trato alimentar e metabolismo. As catadoras desenvolveram práticas de autoatenção com os medicamentos, destacando o papel central deles no enfrentamento dos problemas de saúde.

Abstract The collection of recyclable materials is an occupation with an increasing number of workers, who find in it a livelihood in a context of socioeconomic inequalities and unemployment. This article describes resistance strategies of women collectors who are part of an association in Northeast Brazil, in addition to describing how they managed health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially regarding medicines. A quantitative and an ethnographic approach were used by collecting data on sociodemographic and medicines present in the homes of 13 participants and conducting participant observation and in-depth interviews. Amid the health crisis, the participants mentioned problems such as unemployment, gender relations, violence, and work stigmas. If, on the one hand, the pandemic has further increased vulnerability for certain population segments, on the other hand, it has enhanced collective resistance strategies. The collectors of the association organized to obtain various materials and benefits both for their headquarters and their neighborhood. We identified 58 units of medicines, prescribed and obtained mainly at the Basic Health Unit. Of these, 27.6% had action on the nervous system (analgesics, psycholeptics, and psychoanaleptics) and 17.2% on the cardiovascular system and on the alimentary tract and metabolism. The collectors developed self-attention practices with the medicines highlighting their central role in facing health problems.

Serious Games to Improve Attention in Boys and Girls with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Pilot Study

Background: The objective of this study was to test a treatment program in Serious Games (SG) format to improve attention in children from Catalonia, Spain, with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The activities adapted to the SG format consisted of (1) stimulus selection, (2) mark equal drawings, (3) eight differences, (4) hidden figures, (5) compare texts, (6) compare measures and shapes, (7) put model keys, (8) labyrinths and (9) memorization of drawings. Method: A pretest-posttest design was used with a cohort of 30 children between 8 and 10 years old diagnosed with ADHD, with 20% girls (n = 6) and 80% boys (n = 24) with a mean age of 9.4 years (SD = 0.63; range of 8 to 10 years). Four schools and a clinical center from Catalonia, Spain participated in the sample composition. Half of the sample participated in an attention improvement program for nine sessions of 30-45 minutes each in Serious Games format. They were presented with a series of game challenges with various virtual scenarios through a monitor. The other half did the same attention improvement program in pencil and paper format. Results: The children in the Serious Games group progressed and improved more during treatment, as shown by the average number of errors of commission (p =.02) than those in the pencil and paper group. Both groups also improved in the total score and concentration scale of the D2 test (p < .001). Conclusions: Attentional training through programs in Serious Games format seems to have a more significant effect on commission errors than attentional training in pencil and paper format.

Antecedentes: El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido poner a prueba un programa de tratamiento en formato Serious Games (SG) para mejorar la atención en niños de Cataluña, España, con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad (TDAH). Las actividades adaptadas al formato SG consistieron en (1) selección de estímulos, (2) marcar dibujos iguales, (3) ocho diferencias, (4) figuras ocultas, (5) comparar textos, (6) comparar medidas y formas, (7) poner llaves modelo, (8) laberintos y (9) memorización de dibujos. Método: Se utilizó un diseño pretest-postest con una cohorte de 30 niños entre 8 y 10 años con diagnóstico de TDAH, con un 20% de niñas (n = 6) y un 80% de niños (n = 24) con una edad media de 9.4 años (DE = 0.63; rango de 8 a 10 años). La mitad de la muestra participó en un programa de mejora de la atención durante 9 sesiones de entre 30-45 minutos cada una en formato de Serious Games. Se les presentó una serie de desafios de juego con varios escenarios virtuales a través de un monitor. La otra mitad de la muestra hizo el mismo programa de mejora de la atención, pero en formato lápiz y papel. Resultados: Los niños del grupo de Serious Games progresaron y mejoraron más durante el tratamiento, como lo demuestra el promedio de errores de comisión (p = .02), en comparación con los niños del grupo de lápiz y papel. Ambos grupos también mejoraron en la puntuación total y en la escala de concentración de la prueba D2 (ambos p < .001). Conclusiones: El entrenamiento atencional a través de programas en formato Serious Games parece tener un mayor efecto que el entrenamiento atencional en formato lápiz y papel sobre los errores de comisión.

Risk factors for executive function impairment in adolescence: an analysis of data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort study

Objective: To investigate risk factors associated with impaired attention-related executive functions (EFs) at age 11 and working memory at age 15. Methods: Data from participants of the population-based 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort at ages 11 (n=3,582) and 15 (n=1,950) were analyzed. The study measured attentional control, cognitive flexibility, and selective attention using the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch). Spatial working memory was assessed by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Logistic regression was employed to explore the relationship between perinatal and childhood exposures and EF impairment. Results: Low maternal education had a significant negative impact on EFs. At age 11, it was associated with decreased attentional control (OR = 3.04; 95%CI 2.09-4.43), and at age 15, it was linked to impaired spatial working memory (OR = 2.21; 95%CI 1.58-3.09). Additional risk factors included low household income, black or brown maternal skin color, high parity, prematurity, low birth weight, and multiple siblings. Breastfeeding, regardless of duration, was found to be a protective factor against impaired cognitive flexibility (OR = 0.38; 95%CI 0.22-0.65). Conclusion: This study underscores the lasting impact of perinatal exposures on EF development. Policies that mitigate the negative effects of risk factors and promote EF development, especially among vulnerable populations, are needed.

Modelo de orientación familiar en la prevención del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad

El presente trabajo está dirigido a exponer elementos inherentes de un modelo de orientación familiar en la prevención del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad en la primera infancia. Deriva de una investigación que se ejecuta en la especialidad de Rehabilitación en Salud, adscrita a la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. Se emplearon métodos teóricos como: el análisis y síntesis, inductivo-deductivo y el método sistémico estructural funcional para fundamentar el carácter de sistema del modelo y su diseño. Se concluye con el establecimiento de un modelo estructurado por dos subsistemas. Las relaciones de coordinación y complementariedad establecidas posibilitaron la extrapolación cognitiva para la orientación familiar en la prevención del trastorno referido.

The present work is aimed at exposing inherent elements of a family counseling model in the prevention of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in early childhood. It derives from research carried out in the specialty of Health Rehabilitation, attached to the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. Theoretical methods such as: analysis and synthesis, inductive-deductive and the structural-functional systemic method were used to substantiate the system character of the model and its design. It concludes with the establishment of a model structured by two subsystems. The established coordination and complementarity relationships enabled cognitive extrapolation for family guidance in the prevention of the aforementioned disorder.

Habilidades Cognitivas y Quiebres en la Conducta Sedentaria en Niños Chilenos / Cognitive Skills after Breaks in Sedentary Behavior in Chilean Children

Introducción. En Chile las tasas de sedentarismo infantil han aumentado, siete de cada 10 niños no cumple con los estándares mínimos recomendados por la Organizaciónn Mundial de la Salud. Faltan en Chile estudios que asocien el sedentarismo de tiempo libre y las horas sedentes en jornada escolar con las habilidades cognitivas. Objetivo. Determinar los cambios en las habilidades cognitivas posterior a la realización de quiebres en la conducta sedentaria. Métodos. Participaron 83 alumnos de 12 a 14 años, pertenecientes a 7° y 8° básico de la región metropolitana de Santiago de Chile. Los alumnos fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente como casos (42) y control (41). Se realizó durante 10 días, un protocolo de quiebres en la conducta sedentaria de 3 minutos cada 40 minutos, durante toda la jornada escolar. Ambos grupos tuvieron evaluaciones fisiológicas y aplicación de test de memoria y atención pre y post intervención. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la variable de atención con un valor p-value de (< 0,005) a favor del grupo intervenido. En valores de presión arterial sistólica y frecuencia cardiaca se evidencio un descenso significativo en el grupo intervenido (p<0,005) Conclusión. En este estudio se demuestra que el protocolo aplicado, mejora la habilidad cognitiva de atención en la población estudiada y además se reducen los valores de parámetros fisiológicos.

Background. In Chile, child sedentary lifestyle rates have increased; seven out of 10 children do not meet the minimum standards recommended by the World Health Organization. There is a lack of studies in Chile that associate free-time sedentary behavior and seated hours during the school day with cognitive skills. Objective. To determine the changes in cognitive abilities after the completion of sedentary behavior breaks. Methods. 83 students from 12 to 14 years old participated, belonging to 7th and 8th grade of the metropolitan region of Santiago de Chile. Students were randomly distributed as cases (42) and control (41). A protocol of sedentary behavior breaks of 3 minutes every 40 minutes was carried out during 1 week, during the whole school day. Both groups had physiological evaluations and application of memory tests and pre and post intervention care. Results. Statistically found differences were found both in the care variables with a p-value of <0.005 in favor of the intervened group, as well as in the systolic blood pressure and heart rate values evidencing a significant decrease in the intervened group (p < 0.005) Conclusion. This study shows that the applied protocol improves the cognitive ability of attention in the studied population and also reduces values of physiological parameters.

Cognitive impairment in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a scoping review / Comprometimento cognitivo na síndrome pós-COVID-19 aguda: uma revisão de escopo

Abstract Emerging studies indicate the persistence of symptoms beyond the acute phase of COVID-19. Cognitive impairment has been observed in certain individuals for months following infection. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the specific cognitive domains that undergo alterations during the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and the potential impact of disease severity on cognition. The aim of this review is to examine studies that have reported cognitive impairment in post-acute COVID-19, categorizing them into subacute and chronic phases. The methodology proposed by JBI was followed in this study. The included studies were published between December 2019 and December 2022. The search was conducted in PubMed, PubMed PMC, BVS - BIREME, Embase, SCOPUS, Cochrane, Web of Science, Proquest, PsycInfo, and EBSCOHost. Data extraction included specific details about the population, concepts, context, and key findings or recommendations relevant to the review objectives. A total of 7,540 records were identified and examined, and 47 articles were included. The cognitive domains most frequently reported as altered 4 to 12 weeks after acute COVID-19 were language, episodic memory, and executive function, and after 12 weeks, the domains most affected were attention, episodic memory, and executive function. The results of this scoping review highlight that adults with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome may have impairment in specific cognitive domains.

Resumo Estudos emergentes indicam a persistência dos sintomas além da fase aguda da COVID-19. O comprometimento cognitivo foi observado em alguns indivíduos durante meses após a infecção. Atualmente, há pouco conhecimento sobre os domínios cognitivos específicos que sofrem alterações durante a síndrome pós-aguda da COVID-19 e o possível impacto da gravidade da doença na cognição. O objetivo desta revisão é examinar estudos que relataram comprometimento cognitivo na COVID-19 pós-aguda, categorizando-os em fases subaguda e crônica. A metodologia proposta pela Joanna Briggs Institute foi seguida neste estudo. Os estudos incluídos foram publicados entre dezembro de 2019 e dezembro de 2022. A busca foi realizada no PubMed, PubMed PMC, BVS - BIREME, Embase, SCOPUS, Cochrane, Web of Science, Proquest, PsycInfo e EBSCOHost. A extração de dados incluiu detalhes específicos sobre a população, os conceitos, o contexto e as principais descobertas ou recomendações relevantes para os objetivos da revisão. Um total de 7.540 registros foi identificado e examinado, e 47 artigos foram incluídos. Os domínios cognitivos mais frequentemente relatados como alterados de 4 a 12 semanas após a COVID-19 aguda foram linguagem, memória episódica e função executiva e, após 12 semanas, os domínios mais afetados foram atenção, memória episódica e função executiva. Os resultados dessa revisão de escopo destacam que adultos com síndrome pós-aguda da COVID-19 podem apresentar comprometimento em domínios cognitivos específicos.

Influencia de la musicoterapia en el paciente durante la atención estomatológica

Ser atendido por el estomatólogo es una de las situaciones que genera más miedo y ansiedad en las personas. Se sugiere que la musicoterapia contribuye a reducir estos síntomas. Teniendo en cuenta que muchos pacientes presentan ansiedad y miedo al ser atendidos en el sillón dental y que necesitan un ambiente más agradable, constituye el motivo que condujo a la realización de este trabajo haciendo uso de la musicoterapia con el objetivo de evaluar su influencia en el paciente durante la atención. Se realizó un estudio de intervención, desde marzo a junio del 2022 en el Servicio Estomatológico, Policlínico Tula Aguilera. La muestra, 40 pacientes, fue seleccionada al azar, independientemente de sentir temor o no al tratamiento estomatológico. Las sesiones se dividieron: primera visita (sin música) y segunda visita (con música). Los datos se recogieron en encuesta. Los niveles de miedo disminuyeron con la aplicación de la terapia, por lo cual se constató que la musicoterapia tiene una notable influencia en los pacientes al desaparecer y disminuir el miedo o sensaciones desagradables durante la atención estomatológica. Todos los pacientes manifestaron satisfacción con el uso de la música, durante el servicio.

To be assisted by the odontologist is one of the situations that generates more fear and anxiety in people. It is suggested that the musical-therapy contributes to reduce these symptoms. Keeping in mind that many patients present anxiety and fear when being assisted in the dental armchair and that they need a more pleasant atmosphere, it constitutes the reason that led to the realization of this work making use of the musical-therapy with the objective of evaluating their influence in the patient during the attention. He was carried out an intervention study, from March to June of the 2022 in the Dentistry Service, Clinical Tula Aguilera. The sample, 40 patients, it was selected at random, independently of feeling fear or not to the dentistry treatment. The sessions were divided: first visit (without music) and second visit (with music). The data were picked up in survey. The levels of fear diminished with the application of the therapy, reason why it was verified that the musical-therapy has a notable it influences in the patients when disappearing and to diminish the fear or unpleasant sensations during the dentristry attention. All the patients manifested satisfaction with the music's use, during the service.

Déficit de atención con hiperactividad: farmacoterapia a través de la vida / Attention deficit hyperactivity: pharmacotherapy through life

Resumen El Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactivi dad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo de ori gen biológico con una base genética del 70 al 80%, que afecta al 5% de niños y adolescentes y a un 2.5% de los adultos, cuyos síntomas principales son la inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad. Por muchos años se pensó que afectaba solo a los niños; actualmente en el DSM 5 se acepta que se puede diagnosticar en adolescentes y adultos. El tratamiento debe ser individualizado, los objetivos principales son mejorar los síntomas centrales de las personas con TDAH, y su calidad de vida. El abordaje terapéutico es psicológico, conductual y farmacológico. Los medicamentos se clasifican en estimulantes y no estimulantes, siendo los de primera línea los estimu lantes tales como el metilfenidato, lisdexanfetamina y dexanfetamina. Entre los no estimulantes se cuentan a la guanfacina y atomoxetina. El tratamiento es funda mental porque mejora la calidad de vida de la persona a nivel familiar, educativo, laboral y social.

Abstract Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of biological origin with a 70 to 80% genetic basis, which affects 5% of children and adolescents and 2.5% of adults, whose main symptoms are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. For many years it was thought that it only affected children; currently in the DSM 5 it is accepted that it can be diagnosed in adolescents and adults. Treatment must be individualized, the main objec tives are to improve the core symptoms of people with ADHD, and their quality of life. The therapeutic approach is psychological, behavioral, and pharmacological. Medications are classified as stimulants and non-stimulants, with stimulants such as methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, and dexamphetamine being the first line. Non-stimulants include guanfacine and atomox etine. Treatment is essential because it improves the qual ity of life of the person at the family, educational, work, and social levels.

Enfermedades sin diagnostico y enfermedades raras: avances en neurodesarrollo / Rare diseases and undiagnosed diseases: advances in neurodevelopment

Resumen Las enfermedades raras y enfermedades sin diag nóstico se han posicionado en los últimos años como condiciones clínicas que han permitido avanzar el en tendimiento de las funciones de los genes y el im pacto en el desarrollo del individuo. En esta revisión, presentamos como los esfuerzos individuales hechos por muchos años para entender la fisiopatología de en fermedades comunes, enfermedades raras y otras aún más raras, como las enfermedades sin diagnóstico, que se unen hoy para, de manera cooperativa, avanzar en el conocimiento científico. Estos avances en el conoci miento permiten aplicar los avances obtenidos en un grupo de condiciones clínicas a otras con características fenotípicas similares o viceversa. El trabajo conjunto de equipos multidisciplinarios y la comunicación entre clínicos e investigadores proporcionarán oportunidades para proveer mejores oportunidades de tratamiento para pacientes y familias a lo largo de múltiples diagnósticos comunes o raros.

Abstract Rare diseases and undiagnosed diseases have re cently positioned themselves as clinical entities that provide important opportunities to advance our under standing of gene functions and the impact of them in the individual development. In this review, we present how efforts made over years to understand common diseases, rare diseases and even undiagnosed diseases come together today to cooperatively advances scientific knowledge. These advance in science and new acquired knowledge, make possible to apply the advances ob tained in a group of clinical conditions to others with similar phenotypic characteristics or vice versa. The cooperative work of multidisciplinary teams and the communication between clinicians and researchers have and will provide opportunities for better treatments for patients and families across multiple common and rare diseases.

Bidirectional associations between hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and strabismus, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a national population-based cohort study

Objectives: The present study analyzed the reciprocal relationships between four common pediatric ophthalmic diseases (i.e., hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and strabismus) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Methods: This study enrolled 86,028 children with ADHD and 1,798,673 children without ADHD in the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database who were born at any time from 2004 to 2017. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the bidirectional relationships of the four ophthalmic diseases with ADHD in children after adjusting for age, sex, and gestational age at birth. Survival curves for time-to-event variables were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to compare the curves. Results: The results indicated that ADHD significantly predicted the occurrence of hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and strabismus. Furthermore, hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and strabismus significantly predicted the occurrence of ADHD. The time between enrollment and ADHD diagnosis was shorter for patients with ophthalmic diseases than for the control group, and the time between enrollment and ophthalmic disease diagnosis was also shorter for ADHD patients than for the control group. Sex differences were found in the associations between ADHD and ophthalmic diseases. Conclusion: Clinicians should monitor children with ADHD for hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and strabismus to ensure appropriate treatment, and vice versa.

Mercurio y trastornos del neurodesarrollo en niños: una revisión sistemática / Mercury and neurodevelopmental disorders in children: A systematic review

El mercurio es un metal tóxico que puede atravesar la placenta y la barrera hematoencefálica, y causar la interrupción de varios procesos celulares. Estudios han investigado la exposición al mercurio y trastornos en el neurodesarrollo, por lo que se requiere un análisis crítico y riguroso de esta evidencia. El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar la evidencia científica disponible sobre los efectos de la exposición al mercurio durante las etapas prenatal y posnatal, y su relación con el desarrollo de trastornos neuroconductuales. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos MEDLINE y ScienceDirect; los resultados se presentaron a través de tablas y síntesis narrativa. Solo 31 estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. En general, la evidencia es limitada sobre los efectos de la exposición al mercurio y trastornos del neurodesarrollo en niños. Entre los posibles efectos reportados, se hallan problemas en el aprendizaje, autismo y trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

Mercury is a toxic metal which can cross the placenta and the blood-brain barrier and cause the disruption of various cellular processes. Studies have investigated mercury exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders; therefore, a critical and rigorous analysis of this evidence is required. The objective of this review was to evaluate the available scientific evidence on the effects of mercury exposure during the prenatal and postnatal periods and its relationship with the development of neurobehavioral disorders. A systematic search of the MEDLINE and ScienceDirect databases was conducted; the results were presented in tables and narrative synthesis. Only 31 studies met the eligibility criteria. Overall, the evidence on the effects of mercury exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children is limited. Learning disabilities, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were some of the reported potential effects.

Psychopathological Risk in Siblings of Subjects with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A cross-Sectional Study

Objective: We aim to determine the prevalence of mental disorders in siblings of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to determine how psychosocial adversity factors relate to this psychopathology, in a low-middle income country (Colombia). Methods: We evaluated subjects with ADHD diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria, one of their parents and one of their siblings (ages 8-19). We used the ADHD rating scale and a set of instruments to assess the presence of mental disorders as well as psychosocial adversity. Results: We evaluated 74 trios formed by the index case with ADHD, one sibling and one of the parents. We found that 24.3% of the participating siblings also met the criteria for ADHD and another 24.3% for other psychiatric disorders. The risk of these siblings having ADHD increased further when one of the parents reported a history of ADHD. We also found that 28.3% of the families faced high levels of psychosocial adversity as per their scores in the Rutter Adversity Index. Conclusions: Siblings of subjects with ADHD showed a significant risk for ADHD and other mental disorders. That risk increased if a parent reported a history of ADHD and also when two or more psychosocial adversity factors were present. This study supports the importance of early detection in efforts to decrease the risk for other siblings.

Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es determinar la prevalencia de trastornos mentales en hermanos de casos con TDAH y cómo los factores de adversidad psicosocial se relacionan con esta psicopatología en un país de ingresos bajos-medios (Colombia). Métodos: Se evaluó a sujetos con TDAH diagnosticado según los criterios del DSM-5, uno de sus padres y uno de sus hermanos (edades, 8-19 anos). Mediante la escala de calificación del TDAH y un conjunto de otros instrumentos se evaluó la presencia de trastornos mentales y adversidad psicosocial. Resultados: Se evaluó a 74 tríos formados por el caso índice con TDAH, un hermano y uno de los padres. Se halló que un 24,3% de los hermanos participantes también cumplían los criterios de TDAH y otro 24,3%, otros trastornos psiquiátricos. El riesgo de que estos hermanos tuvieran TDAH aumentó aún más cuando uno de los padres informó antecedentes de TDAH. También, que el 28,3% de las familias se enfrentaron a altos niveles de adversidad psicosocial según sus puntuaciones en el Índice de Adversidad de Rutter. Conclusiones: Los hermanos de sujetos con TDAH mostraron un significativo riesgo de TDAH y otros trastornos mentales. Ese riesgo aumenta si uno de los padres reporta antecedentes de TDAH y también cuando se presentan 2 o más factores de adversidad psicosocial. Este estudio respalda la importancia de la detección temprana con el fin de disminuir el riesgo para otros hermanos.

Cuidado humanizado de enfermería a pacientes safenectomizados

La insuficiencia venosa es una patología prevalente a nivel mundial, dada la sintomatología incómoda que puede provocar, resulta necesario realizar un abordaje conservador o quirúrgico; el cuidado humanizado es parte de la recuperación del paciente posquirúrgico, busca rescatar la relación de confianza y empatía entre el paciente y el profesional en enfermería. Objetivo. Evaluar el cuidado humanizado por parte del personal de enfermería en pacientes safenectomizados atendidos en el Hospital General Riobamba "IESS". Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional, contó con una población total de 56 pacientes safenectomizados, quienes previo consentimiento informado participaron del estudio; para la recolección de la información se usó como técnica la encuesta, y como instrumento el cuestionario Percepción del Cuidado Humanizado, constituido por tres variables: comunicación, calidad y disposición de la atención; el proceso se llevó a través de la aplicación GoogleForms. Resultados. Dimensión se puede evidenciar que el 64.3% de pacientes respondieron siempre frente a valores humanísticos y altruistas; la segunda dimensión, correspondiente a instalación de fe y esperanza, el 53,6% de los pacientes respondió casi siempre; la tercera dimensión cultivar la sensibilidad hacia uno mismo y hacia los demás, el 37,5% de los pacientes respondió casi siempre; la cuarta dimensión desarrollar una relación de cuidados humanos de ayuda y confianza el 23,2% respondió casi siempre. Conclusiones. Pacientes safenectomizados pertenecientes al servicio de Hospitalización de Cirugía del Hospital General Riobamba se pudo determinar que gozan de cuidados de enfermería humanizados.

Venous insufficiency is a prevalent pathology worldwide, given the uncomfortable symptomatology it can cause, it is necessary to perform a conservative or surgical approach; humanized care is part of the post-surgical patient's recovery, it seeks to rescue the relationship of trust and empathy between the patient and the nursing professional. Objective. To evaluate the humanized care provided by the nursing staff in saphenectomized patients treated at the Hospital General Riobamba "IESS". Materials and methods. A quantitative, descriptive, retrospective, retrospective, observational study was carried out with a total population of 56 saphenectomized patients, who with prior informed consent participated in the study; for the collection of information, the survey was used as a technique, and as an instrument the questionnaire Perception of Humanized Care, made up of three variables: communication, quality and disposition of care; the process was carried out through the GoogleForms application. Results. The first dimension shows that 64.3% of patients always responded to humanistic and altruistic values; the second dimension, corresponding to the installation of faith and hope, 53.6% of patients responded almost always; the third dimension, cultivating sensitivity towards oneself and others, 37.5% of patients responded almost always; the fourth dimension, developing a relationship of humane care of help and trust, 23.2% responded almost always. Conclusions. Saphenectomized patients belonging to the surgical hospitalization service of the General Hospital Riobamba were found to enjoy humanized nursing care.

A insuficiência venosa é uma patologia prevalente em todo o mundo, diante dos sintomas incômodos que pode causar, é necessário realizar uma abordagem conservadora ou cirúrgica; o cuidado humanizado faz parte da recuperação do paciente pós-cirúrgico, busca resgatar a relação de confiança e empatia entre o paciente e o profissional de enfermagem. Objetivos. Avaliar o cuidado humanizado prestado pela equipe de enfermagem em pacientes safenectomizados atendidos no Hospital Geral Riobamba "IESS". Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, retrospectivo, observacional, retrospectivo, com uma população total de 56 pacientes safenectomizados que, com consentimento prévio informado, participaram do estudo; foi utilizada uma técnica de pesquisa para coletar as informações e como instrumento foi utilizado o questionário de Percepção do Cuidado Humanizado, composto por três variáveis: comunicação, qualidade e prestação de cuidados; o processo foi realizado usando o aplicativo GoogleForms. Resultados. Na primeira dimensão, pode-se observar que 64,3% dos pacientes responderam sempre aos valores humanísticos e altruístas; na segunda dimensão, correspondente à instalação da fé e da esperança, 53,6% dos pacientes responderam quase sempre; na terceira dimensão, cultivar a sensibilidade em relação a si mesmo e aos outros, 37,5% dos pacientes responderam quase sempre; na quarta dimensão, desenvolver uma relação de cuidado humano de ajuda e confiança, 23,2% responderam quase sempre. Conclusões. Verificou-se que os pacientes safenectomizados pertencentes ao serviço de internação cirúrgica do Hospital Geral de Riobamba desfrutam de cuidados de enfermagem humanizados.

Características psicométricas del Test de Anillos para la evaluación atencional en niños. Resultados preliminares / Psychometric characteristics of the Ring Test to assess attention in children. Preliminary results

Resumen Los modelos neurocognitivos actuales definen a la atención como un sistema de control cognitivo responsable de la activación y organización jerárquica de los procesos encargados de elaborar la información. La atención juega un rol clave en el desempeño cognitivo infantil y en el aprendizaje escolar. Por ello, resulta importante disponer de instrumentos de evaluación, válidos y confiables, que permitan valorar con mayor precisión el desempeño atencional en niños y niñas. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Test de Anillos (TA), un nuevo instrumento diseñado para evaluar atención visual en niños. El TA se ha construido utilizando el optotipo C de Landolt y sigue la estructura triestímulo propuesta por la prueba de percepción de similitudes y diferencias (CARAS). Es una prueba de papel y lápiz que se compone de 60 bloques de estímulos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 86 escolares entre 8 y 10 años de edad. Para el estudio de las propiedades psicométricas se analizó la validez convergente entre el TA y el Test CARAS y se examinó la estabilidad temporal para analizar la confiabilidad del TA. Los resultados indicaron que el TA es un instrumento válido y confiable para la medición de la atención visual en niños y niñas. Presentó adecuados valores en validez convergente y una satisfactoria estabilidad temporal entre la primera y la segunda evaluación. Se concluye que el TA constituye un aporte a los instrumentos neuropsicológicos existentes para la evaluación de la atención visual en población infantil.

Abstract Current neurocognitive models define attention as a cognitive control system responsible for activation and hierarchical organization of the processes to elaborate information. It plays a key role in child cognitive performance and in school learning. It has been documented that children with greater attention capabilities show better performance in tasks that require cognitive control and better school performance. Therefore, it is important to have valid and reliable assessment instruments, which allow evaluating attentional performance in children with greater precision, and that are adapted to the sociocultural context of the target population. In line with these postulates, this paper presents a new instrument designed to evaluate visual attention in children called the Ring Test. The Ring Test is a visual discrimination test that has been constructed using Landolt's C optotype and following the tristimulus structure proposed by the Perception of Similarities and Differences (FACES) Test. Ring Test is a pencil and paper test that is made up of 60 blocks of stimuli each with triads of optotypes, where two optotypes are the same and one different. Subject's task is to find the different optotype in each stimulus triad and cross it out. This instrument brings into play focused and sustained attention and makes it possible to assess attentional effectiveness (AE), attentional efficiency (AF) and attentional performance (AP). Also, the Ring Test measures impulsivity (ICI) and net correct answers (NCA). The purpose of the study is to analyze psychometric properties for the Ring Test. Study's specific objectives were: (1) analyze the convergent validity between the Ring Test and the FACES Test, and (2) analyze the reliability of the Ring Test through the temporal stability. This study is framed in an instrumental design. The sample was composed of 86 schoolchildren, between 8 to 10 years. The results indicated that the Ring Test presented accurate values of convergent validity with the FACES test. The indicators of the Ring Test (AE, AF, AP, ICI and NCA) weighted for the complete execution of the test, showed the highest convergent validity indexes with the FACES Test (rho: from .55 to .62). AR and NCA for the complete execution of the test were the indicators that presented the highest validity (rho > .58), within the analyzed indicators. Also, the Ring Test presented a satisfactory temporal stability between the first and second measurement. It was observed that the most stable indicators are those that are calculated for the complete performance of the test (rho: from .56 to .76), and not for the partial times. AR and NCA calculated for the complete execution of the test were the indicators that denoted the greatest temporal stability (rho > .65). Another interesting aspect to highlight is that the Ring Test proved to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure attentional efficacy and impulsivity. AE evaluates the accuracy with which a child discriminates targeted stimuli within a set of similar stimuli and, consequently, can be considered a good indicator of attentional control. The ICI assesses the reflexivity or impulsiveness with which a subject performs a visual discrimination task. In sum, the results indicated that the Ring Test is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring visual attention in children. It is recommended to apply the complete test, not in time fractions, because the indicators calculated for the complete execution of the test showed greater convergent validity with the FACES test and greater temporal stability than the part-time indicators. It is concluded that the Ring Test is a contribution to the neuropsychological instruments available for the proper evaluation of visual attention in children.